Immigration Is A Part Of Globalization Essay - 1067 Words

Immigration has always been a part of globalization, starting from the first land occupants hat occupied the world in prehistoric times. These nomads would often move from place to place in search for their food and a more comfortable place to live, and at the same time leaving a major impact on the culture and way of life in a certain area. In those times it was essential for people to migrate to new areas to succeed in surviving. Today, with the worldwide movement, people are constrained to migrate from their homelands to others countries in search of a better life.Despite the often repeated proclamation that we are nation of immigrants, immigration has been, and continue to be charged issue in the United States. Divided into three sections, debates on U.S immigrants comprehensively covers the political, economic, labor and cultural aspects of U.S immigration. But Immigration is what has made America what it is today. In fact, there would be no America if not for immigration becaus e everyone in the country is an immigrant or is directly descended from one. Even the oldest inhabitants, the Native Americans, emigrated from Asia. The rest come from all different places in the world. Countries such as England, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, China, Germany, and many others have all contributed to populate the United States. Immigration started with America’s beginning and still continue. Each wave of immigrant brings new ideas and cultures as the people integrate with other Americans.Show MoreRelatedImmigration And Globalization1734 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction How does immigration impact an individual’s likelihood to identify with a national identity, or a larger global identity? Does immigration, a component of globalization, impact one identity more than another? These questions are increasingly relevant with the well-documented rise of European nationalist parties, but there are still questions about whether these are empirically connected phenomena. Immigration, a facet of globalization, is widely discussed, as well as other impactsRead MoreGlobalization is a Process of Rapid Changes in Structural and Cultural Processes1398 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization, a term in which each individual has their own views upon what the meaning behind the concept is. There was a broad definition of globalization laid out for us on the first day of lecture. This definition explained that globalization is a process in which there are rapid changes in structural and cultural practices (Lecture, January7,2014). Relating this to specific issues that have been covered in class and is are a large concern for many people today is immigration and migration.Read MoreDoes globalization affect negatively on civilizations? The term globalization means the procedure800 Words   |  4 PagesDoes globalization affect negatively on civilizations? The term globalization means the procedure of connections and incorporations among individuals, organizations a nd legislatures of diverse countries, a methodology determined by global exchange and speculations, and helped by data innovations. In other words, it is a process of interactions between people, on the basis, that they live in one planet, regardless the limits and spaces separating them. The term globalization was a seldom known articulationRead MoreGlobalization And The European Union1685 Words   |  7 PagesThere are in some areas of globalization that can cause drawbacks, which were made prevalent with the European Union. The main drawback within the European Union was its economy. If one country within the organization were to have economic crisis then that country would affect all other country members. This was made clear in 2010 with the economic crisis presented in Greece. Many other countries within the Union were left to bail out the Greece economy; which in turn, hurt their own economies. TheRead MoreIs Globalism Vs. Nationalism The Ideological Struggle Of The 21st Cen tury?1221 Words   |  5 Pagesglobalism, the belief that globalization is normal and good, surprised leaders on both sides of the left and the right. This is in part because these leaders do not believe that globalism is an ideology. However, Greg Ip argues that globalization is an ideology and provides the reader with an in-depth recounting of the beginnings of globalization. He also shows how these leaders have not been able to see the ill effects of globalization, and that the people against globalization have both social and economicRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On The United States1454 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization is an extremely relevant concept in regards to the current shape of the world. Through globalization, ideas are shared across cultures leading to innovations in several departments. I would like to give an overall view and perspective of the impact of globalization on the United States from a macro look at how globalization is now shaping America. Likewise , I will discuss in more detail how globalization has impacted the United States as it relates to technology, trade, transportationRead MoreCultural Diversity in New York Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesatmospheres have brought their families and dreams to New York City. Although Immigration patters throughout the last 200 years have varied, New York has consistently seen people from around the world move to the city and call it home. From the earliest points in our history as a nation, New York has been a center for trade and economic growth. New York is known world wide as a cultural melting pot. While other states have had immigration surges, none have compared to the diversity and sheer number of immigrantsRead More The Elimination of the Middle Class1256 Words   |  6 Pages Globalization is the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network by transportation, communication, and trade. Through a global lens the pro cess of globalization seems to be vital to the development of the modern world. As a result of globalization there has been a dramatic transition in every aspect of life around the world, more specifically in areas such as trade, immigration, and human development. International trade bolsters salesRead MoreGlobalization Is The Process Of International Integration1244 Words   |  5 PagesGlobalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. It approaches in transportation, telecommunication-internet, mobile phones which have been the key factor in globalization, producing further interconnection of economic and cultural activities. Economic globalization is the increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in cross-border movement ofRead MoreRace: A Philosophical Introduction by Paul Taylor875 Words   |  4 Pagesreflect the new co nversation brought about with the election of our first black president. In the first edition, chapter six undertakes how race affects the increasingly prevalent topic of immigration and globalization in the United States (among various other things). Taylor stresses the importance of defining immigration administration as a racial structure, regardless of the insistence of supporters that they are simply enforcing laws. He makes his point by explaining that the common, go-to assertions

Hip Hop And Its Influence On American Culture - 1543 Words

The introduction of Hip Hop in the 70s and the 80s brought about anew genre of music, which not only created a message and movement for African-Americans, but also provided them with a never before chance of changing their lives. During this time one of the main ways for a black person to make any type of money was through selling crack, and it was not until the Hip Hop came about that there was hope for a different life. Majority of famous Hip Hop artists that emerged in the beginning of Hip Hop had themselves been involved in dealing because there were no other options. Hip-hop was the way for dealers to escape that lifestyle, and instead make money through sharing their stories of what was happening on the streets. Many artists were†¦show more content†¦He was able to realize he â€Å"wasn’t even in high school yet and I’d discovered my voice. But I still needed a story to tell† , and through dissecting artists of that time he knew what story he had t o tell. He did not want to preach about life on the streets, or life once escaping the streets, but rather the hustle that connected the two. He felt this was necessary because the story and beat were what made rap such a significant type of music. The beat played such a key role in the flow of a song, but â€Å"just like beats and flows work together, rapping and hustling, for me at least, live through each other†. The hustle was sparked by the introduction of crack, and the ability for children and young teens to take control because they had the money to support their families, and they were the ones with the power. Once Jay-Z got involved in selling crack, writing lyrics took a back seat, but he knew the story of his generation was what had to be told. He wanted to spread the truth of what was happening to children his age, not just the glamorized or over dramaticized, but rather â€Å"the interior space of a young kid’s head ,† who was in this environment. Crack ruined many relationships he had, as well as put him in a situation where death and addiction was a constant, but was what made him, and majorly what he accredits to this â€Å"moral education †. These ideasShow MoreRelatedHip Hop And Its Influence On American Culture1008 Words   |  5 Pagestouched the lives of many aspiring hip hop artists which makes it one of the most influential culture in American. Hip h op has become one of the most vital, and profitable, forces in popular culture. Hip hop beats have influenced popular music genres from rock to jazz to reggae. Hip hop is a form of art which can be expressed through rap songs, break dancing, and graffiti art. The culture has become so popular that it has entered today’s fashion and modern language. Hip hop music is an extremely large partRead MoreHistory Of Hip Hop And Influence On American Culture Essay1865 Words   |  8 PagesThe history of hip hop and the influence on American culture â€Å"Examples abound of hip hop permeating the entertainment world and beyond, from television and film, various musical genres, clothing styles, dance styles, marketing trends, the use of language, and more.† (Kitwana 109) Can something actually exist that undermines Middle American and family values threatening the assumed superior culture? There may just be such an inferior culture. This culture being hip-hop. Hip-hop, which originatedRead MoreThe Impact Of Hip Hop Music On America1491 Words   |  6 Pagesrecall, there was Africa. It is from Africa that all of today’s Black American music whether it be Jazz, Rhythm and Blues Soul or Electro music etc., is either indirectly or directly descended from all African culture and tradition. Today, Hip-hop music in America is generally considered to have been pioneered out of New York s South Bronx in the early 1970’s by a Jamaican-born DJ Herc. By the time mid-1970s, New York s hip-hop gained wide-spread popularity and the scene was dominated by seminalRead MoreSomething for Nothing: The Art of Rap1032 Words   |  5 PagesThe influence of Hip-Hop has never been as great as it is in this day and age. Often dismissed by a majority of America as simply a fad, hip hop has become a global phenomenon and has arguably been the most popular form of music for the past three decades. Hip-Hop has influenced art, language, fashion, cultur e, and sports. This music has been used to teach elementary level children, it has been taught in undergraduate universities and serves as a bridge for hundreds of philanthropies. The influenceRead MoreThe Hip Hop Generation And Its Impact On Society1371 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentative Essay 6 December 2015 The Hip Hop Generation and its Impact on Society. Throughout history, Hip Hop has manifest into more than a simple form of life, but as a powerful cultural movement. Hip Hop plays a major part in African American culture, dialogue, fashion, and self expression. Today, Hip Hop has a joined people of many nationalities, races, and ethnicities as a society. The Hip Hop Generation has begun to redefine African American cultural norms and practices in AmericaRead MoreHip Hop Culture Then Vs. Now1548 Words   |  7 PagesHip-hop Culture Then Vs. Now Hip-hop is an underground urban movement which emerged in the South Bronx, NY during the early 1970s. Hip-hop is composed of four basic elements; DJ-ing, emceeing (rapping), graffiti and style, and break dancing. These elements are how most people recognize hip-hop culture. Many other people think of hip-hop as just a music genre, but it is more than just a music genre. It is cultivating way of living, and several people fail to understand its true meaningRead MoreThe Mafia s Influence On Hip Hop1603 Words   |  7 PagesThe Mafia’s influence on Hip-Hop In Rap, there is a unique culture, history, social impact and influence on society. Hip-Hop/Rap is one of the most popular genre of music. It has helped shape the pop culture into what it is today. What is popular culture? The ideas, activities or products, which are popular among the general mass. In today’s pop culture, one subject that is at the top of the list is hip-hop/rap. Hip-Hop music highlights verses consisting of slang and catchy phrases, which someRead More Hip-Hop as a Cultural Movement Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pages Hip-Hop is a cultural movement that emerged from the dilapidated South Bronx, New York in the early 1970’s. The area’s mostly African American and Puerto Rican residents originated this uniquely American musical genre and culture that over the past four decades has developed into a global sensation impacting the formation of youth culture around the world. The South Bronx was a whirlpool of political, social, and economic upheaval i n the years leading up to the inception of Hip-Hop. The early partRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Music On The Youth Culture1316 Words   |  6 Pagespositive and negative towards African American men, women, and children. The articles also provides information that will support the reason how Hip-hop has such an impact on the youth culture, how Hip-hop is valued, and how the music and its lyrics are interpreted. Changing Images of Violence Rap music lyrics: 1979-1997 Hip- hop has both a negative and positive impact on African American lives. Over the past three decades, Hip-hop has arisen as a cultural and artisticRead MoreThe Origination Of Hip Hop1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe Origination of Hip Hop Laresia Parks English III, Period 05 2 December 2015 Hip hop finds its ethnic origins in Jamaican music and DJs in the seventies who used two turntables to create longer drum breaks in records for dance parties giving rise to â€Å"break dancing† and â€Å"break dancers† now known as b-boys and b-girls (A Closer Look At a New Hip Hop Movement). DJs and MCs popularized the technique of speaking over beats and the culture expanded to include street dance and graffiti art. Embraced

Black Athena The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization

Question: The Black Athena Debate(link to readings provided under Week 1 materials) asks us to consider the origins and influence of ancient Egypt. More broadly it asks us to consider who owns the historical legacy of a given civilization. What are your thoughts about this debate and why it has taken place? Answer: The Black Athena Debate Understanding the Hidden History While many consider Athens to be the cradle of modern European civilization and democracy, doubt linked to its culture origins have stirred major debates among European scholars. This is the concept and message behind The Black Athena Debate which is out to prove the origins of Athens and Greek culture to be from Egypt and Asia. Althea many scholars deny that Athenian culture is unique to the region, the author of The Black Athena Debate explains that the history of Athens may have been rewritten to favor the Greeks and avoid mentioning other cultural influences(Bernal, 2008). This is something which has occurred among several civilizations across the globe where many have adopted or used knowledge from prior influential cultures to advance and conveniently forgotten to acknowledge this fact. With research linked to history and human evolution becoming more accurate as more evidence is revealed its becoming clear that many cultures had advanced technology and knowledge well before what our history books tell us today. The lack of proper documentation and the destruction of evidence had allowed some cultures and religions to manipulate human understanding and knowledge to fit a specific cultures needs.(Bernal, 2008) This has effect resulted in humanity losing a large proportion of its true history which has been hidden or purposely destroyed so as to favor one culture. Its important to observe the entire evolution of human cultures and civilization history universally. This would ensure future generation acquire accurate information and concentrate more on how cultures developed rather then consider which cultures was more dominant, cleverer or superior. References: Bibliography Bernal, M. (2008). Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization. Rutgers: Rutgers University Press.

Kombucha Fungus Essays - Chinese Tea, Mycology, Blended Tea

Kombucha fungus This article from the World Wide Web is about the Kombucha fungus, what some call the miracle mushroom. This widely hyped ailment-for-anything are also known as Manchurian mushrooms and Indo- Japanese tea fungus. There is so much information about Kombucha that when I did a web search on it over 100 web sites were devoted to this strange fungus I had never heard of. I decided to look further as see what all this hype is about. Kombucha is a yeast culture supposedly possessing an natural antibiotic effect and an extreme amount of glucuronic acid, a liver detoxifier that flushes poisons out of the body. How does this all happen? First the Kombucha yeast (It is not officially a mushroom) is ground up and most commonly taken into the body in the liquid form of tea. This tea is supposed to taste somewhat like the famous Japanese green tea. If it ferments for a long time the tea tastes like a hot apple cider with a hint of vinegar. The main reason people drink this tea is not for the taste, but for the relief of endless physical ailments. Besides Kombucha's antibiotic and anti-toxin effects, some of the other aspects of well being it helps are: acting as a laxative, relieves pains of arthritis, helps with digestion, relieves stomach cramps and bronchitis, regulates appetite, clears acne, relieves headaches, strengthens hair and nails, stops diarrhea, improves eyesight, and most of all "vitalizes" the physical body. Think that list was long? Those are just a few things on the list that this miracle fungus can help with. Could all this be true? For some reasons the United States hasn't done scientific or clinical studies on Kombucha. However, many other countries throughout the world including Russia, Germany, and Sweden, have been doing studies on this miracle tea for nearly 100 years and have found medical benefits within the Manchurian yeast. Perhaps there is no way to be sure if all this is true, and since there have been no negative effects of drinking Kombucha tea, I would recommend to try some yourself and find out. Kombucha Fungus Essays - Chinese Tea, Mycology, Blended Tea Kombucha fungus This article from the World Wide Web is about the Kombucha fungus, what some call the miracle mushroom. This widely hyped ailment-for-anything are also known as Manchurian mushrooms and Indo- Japanese tea fungus. There is so much information about Kombucha that when I did a web search on it over 100 web sites were devoted to this strange fungus I had never heard of. I decided to look further as see what all this hype is about. Kombucha is a yeast culture supposedly possessing an natural antibiotic effect and an extreme amount of glucuronic acid, a liver detoxifier that flushes poisons out of the body. How does this all happen? First the Kombucha yeast (It is not officially a mushroom) is ground up and most commonly taken into the body in the liquid form of tea. This tea is supposed to taste somewhat like the famous Japanese green tea. If it ferments for a long time the tea tastes like a hot apple cider with a hint of vinegar. The main reason people drink this tea is not for the taste, but for the relief of endless physical ailments. Besides Kombucha's antibiotic and anti-toxin effects, some of the other aspects of well being it helps are: acting as a laxative, relieves pains of arthritis, helps with digestion, relieves stomach cramps and bronchitis, regulates appetite, clears acne, relieves headaches, strengthens hair and nails, stops diarrhea, improves eyesight, and most of all "vitalizes" the physical body. Think that list was long? Those are just a few things on the list that this miracle fungus can help with. Could all this be true? For some reasons the United States hasn't done scientific or clinical studies on Kombucha. However, many other countries throughout the world including Russia, Germany, and Sweden, have been doing studies on this miracle tea for nearly 100 years and have found medical benefits within the Manchurian yeast. Perhaps there is no way to be sure if all this is true, and since there have been no negative effects of drinking Kombucha tea, I would recommend to try some yourself and find out.

Pride And Prejudice Essays (926 words) - Fiction, Literature

Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice On pride and prejudice, which in your opinion comes in for sharper criticism from Austen. Support your answer by referring to specific incidents and episodes. pride n., v., 1. high (or too high) opinion of one's own dignity, importance, worth, etc. 2. the condition or feeling of being proud. 3. a noble sense of what is due to oneself or one's position or character; self respect; self esteem. prejudice n., v., 1. an opinion (usually unfavourable), formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason. 2. disadvantage resulting from some judgement or action of another. 3. the resulting injury or loss. In my opinion, pride comes in for the sharper criticism by Austen. She has chosen to personify this trait in several characters in "Pride and Prejudice" although it is hard to find one character who portrays prejudice alone, throughout the novel. When prejudice does occur in this novel, Jane Austen has shown it in the hands of a notoriously proud character. Because prejudice is not personified (ie. depicted as a major characteristic flaw) I believe that it was not to be the object of Jane Austen's sharper criticism. Jane Austen has depicted pride in her minor (functional) characters as a means of demonstrating it's importance as a theme of this novel. Lady Catherine is one of the main offenders, her airs, arrogance and pride are fuelled by other characters like Mr Collins who is put there to satire proud people and their followers. Another important character to note is Mr Darcy. He is an extremely important character in this novel, a major character, and I think that the fact that he was perceived to have been 'proud' at the beginning of the novel by the reader, Elizabeth, and the community of the shire, and our perception, along with Elizabeth, of his character, has changed throughout the novel points to Jane Austen's criticism of pride and snobbery (insinuating that once pride is done away with (and along with it, prejudice) a character becomes much more favourable. (Note that Lady Catherine does not sway from her proud arrogant position, from beginning to end of the novel, this partly to provide a contrast between the supposed arrogance of Mr Darcy at the beginning of the novel, and his behaviour by the end.) Throughout this novel we are shown the arrogant and haughty dispositions of the upperclass of this society. (We are also shown the exceptions to the rule, namely Mr Bingley and Miss Darcy.) These people are exceedingly proud of their great fortunes and estates and as a result of the emphasis at that time on monetary issues, they are prejudiced (and commit acts of prejudice) towards their financial, and social, "inferiors". An example of this is the beginning of the novel, the ball, when Mr Darcy snubs Elizabeth Bennet in an act of prejudice. He refuses to dance with her on account of her not being "handsome enough to tempt me." After being described throughout the chapter as being "the proudest, most disagreeable man in the world" because he would not socialise ("he danced only once with Mrs Hurst and once with Miss Bingley, declined being introduced to any other lady, and spent the rest of the evening walking about the room, speaking occasionally to one of his own party") his refusal to dance with Elizabeth Bennet is consistent with the rest of his snobbery and it is logical that he is slighting Elizabeth Bennet because he is excessively proud and does not feel that her handsomeness is worthy of his. Another example of proud character executing prejudice on an "inferior" candidate is Miss Bingley and Mr Darcy's conspiracy against Mr Bingley and Miss Bennet's courtship and inevitable marriage. Together, Mr Darcy and Miss Bingley decide that Mr Bingley and Jane are not suited and therefore should not be married because Jane's background is not worthy of Mr Bingley's rich, socially handsome estate. Firstly, Mr. Darcy influences Bingley to leave Netherfield, then Miss Bingley "fails" to tell him of Jane's prescence in London (although she knows that it would be of great interest to him.) It is because of their pride, and their warp perception of their own, and in this case their brother or friend's pride, that influences to think they would be "doing the right thing" by keeping Jane and Mr. Bingley apart. Lady Catherine's bullyin of Elizabeth (at the end of the novel) in an effort to dissuade her from marrying Darcy is a result of her feeling that her own daughter was entitled to Mr. Darcy more than Elizabeth (who was

Julia Caesar Essay

Julia Caesar Essay Julia Caesar? Essay Timothy Lee English 2HP 1 Mrs. Taylor 1/26/2012 Julia Caesar? Throughout the entire civilized western world, we’ve come to acknowledge the right that no man or woman is greater than the next. However, this is a fairly early belief which existed even during the Elizabethan period, when Shakespeare wrote various different plays, such as Julius Caesar, where William Shakespeare places very few female characters. Contrary belief states that Julius Caesar was akin to all other Shakespearean plays in that it should be known as a play without women. However, Julius Caesar cannot be considered a play without women because the two women roles in the play, Calphurnia and Portia, provide suspense for the story, act as supporting characters, and because they often foreshadow the future. Julius Caesar cannot be viewed as a play without women due to Calphurnia and Portia’s role of providing suspense to the Audience. Calphurnia’s first role into the story is when Caesar is debating whether to go or not to the Senate house. Calphurnia tries to convince Caesar not to go to the senate house as a result of a series of supernatural occurrences which Calphurnia takes as a bad omen for Caesar to stay in the house. Calphurnia hears that there have been horrid sights on the streets of Rome and even has a dream where, according to Caesar, â€Å"she saw my statue / Which, like a fountain with a hundred spouts/ Did run pure blood. And many lusty Romans came / Smiling and did bathe their hands in it./ And these does she apply for warnings and portents/ And evils imminent†. (Act II. Ii. 77-85) Due to Calphurnia’s trials and constant tidings of omens foreshadowing Caesar’s death, the reader gains a sense of suspense by being drawn into the dispute b etween whether Caesar will save himself through Calphurnia’s warnings or whether the conspirators will kill Caesar. Portia also adds to the suspense when she realizes that something isn’t right because she knows that Brutus knows that his â€Å"petition† will not be answered. She sends her slave, who understands not what to do, and yet Portia gives off a faint signal as though as if she will be able to stop something. She understands that something is horribly wrong and realization of this situation and her confusion reflects the audience’s anxiety at what the outcome will be, and in turn intensities the audience’s suspense. The women in Julius Caesar play a huge part in the play because they act as supporting characters through their positions as bringers of Enlightenment. They support the main characters by abiding their commands, while also giving advising what to do. The women characters often provide advice that contains wisdom beyond the perspective of the main characters. For example, Portia supports Brutus because she shows how much she loves him while showing the audience that Brutus’s actions are completely turned upside-down because of the plot to murder Caesar. She notices that Brutus cannot and does not sleep, nor does he eat. Portia also cannot be categorized as an in-significant character in the play because she is the purity that Brutus looks to in the midst of his dark deeds. Calphurnia provides support for Caesar when she tries to prevent Caesar from going into the senate house. In this way, she displays her wisdom to the audience, though Caesar does not take heed of her warnings . However, because of Calphurnia’s warnings, Caesar has at least a moment of hesitation before going out to the senate house, where he is then murdered. It can also be said that for a character to be considered a â€Å"major† character in a play, one has to portray his own opinions and emotions toward the audience. In Julius Caesar, we clearly see that the women characters bring out their

Organizational Theories to Enhance the Performance of Individuals and Essay - 1

Organizational Theories to Enhance the Performance of Individuals and Groups - Essay Example From the classical theories, performance could be realized after the division of labor, to develop specialization and departments of different tasks to be carried out by different groups of people. This enhances quality output according to the expected standards. Motivation through monetary means and management functions in enhancing performance are also elaborated. The modern organizational theories put across ways of changing the organizational structure and developing the human potential as effective ways to spur performance. Performance is one critical area that managers should be sensitive towards, so as to benefit the organization. It is a domain that challenges managerial functions and its success or failure extends to be felt in other linked sections of the organization. Hence, the management has to come up with logical and focused initiatives to enhance performance and overcome the challenges in implementation and performance management. Organisations have their authority, c ulture, information and the acquired knowledge, as well as the motivational coordinated mechanisms to achieve their objectives. Often, the organization structure could vary from one another with some working with the formal line of management, while others are less formal; as a result, they differ in hierarchical structures and strictness in compliance to objectives. However, with the current trends of globalization, managers have to be keen and tactical to address the organizations problems in performance and decision making. This is because the markets, productions, sales and distribution in dealing with goods and services have become very competitive. Due to these factors, management has been categorized in different levels to lead in specific sections, such that the coordinated efforts of different managers.